Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Chemistry - Essay Example From this simple story we can see the different states of matter obtained and the different phase changes which occur to matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has a mass. Matter exists in different states which include: solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates. According to the kinetic theory of matter, all matter is made of atoms or molecules which have a motion energy which we perceive as temperature. Atoms and molecules are constantly in motion and the more the energy the matter has the more the molecular movement and consequently a higher temperature. The amount of energy in atoms and molecules influences the intermolecular forces holding them such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces and thus the state of matter of a substance. Solids are formed as a result of strong attractive forces which hold the atoms or molecules together. These forces are far much stronger than the forces which are trying to force the atoms apart and thus the individual atoms and molecules are fixed in a position. The atoms and molecules however retain their motion which becomes limited to just vibration. When John was exercising and holding the exercise bikes and rowing machines the amount of energy created during training increases the temperature of the solids (exercise bikes e. t. c.) thus increasing the amount of vibration but because the molecules are locked in place the solids retain a fixed shape and volume. When the temperature of solids increases the movement of individual molecules can increase and will change into liquid. The liquids are normally formed when the energy of a body in solid state increases leading to the breakdown of the forces maintaining its rigid state. Mary’s ice cream for example sometimes turns into liquid as she admires John doing his exercises and forgets her ice cream. As a result of this the molecules in liquids can move past one another although they remain relatively

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories Essay Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories In order for an urban sociologist to discover â€Å"How urban societies work,† theories of â€Å"urban ecology† or â€Å"political economy† are used as a guide in their research. Urban ecology refers to the importance of social structure and social organization as shaping social life in the city. Urban ecologist concerns for social order, social cohesion, community ties and social differentiation offer key insight to how societies work (Kleniewski, 2001). Alternatively political economy stresses the use of power, domination and resources in the shaping of cities (Kleniewski, 2001). Urban sociologists’ theoretical approach to research questions is based on fundamental assumptions that they find most useful for understanding the operation of the social world. Therefore researchers using these different theories will ask different questions, examine different data and interpret their findings in different ways (Kleniewski, 2001). In the early years of 1910-1920, a time of social change and urban growth, urban sociologists in the United States, the Chicago School, were directly confronted by the diversity, liveliness and apparent fragmentation of urban life. The urban sociologists of the Chicago School drew a concern for order, cohesion and social relationships (Kleniewski, 2001). The founder of the Chicago School of urban sociology was Robert E. Park. He believed that cities are like living organisms, composed of interconnected parts and that each part relates to the structure of the city as a whole and to the other parts (Kleniewski, 2001). Park called his approach to urban life â€Å"human ecology,† a term used interchangeably with â€Å"urban ecology. Human ecology studies the â€Å"social norms† which are rooted in the relationship between human populations and the environment or territories they inhabit, stressing the orderly interaction of interdependent parts of social life in urban areas (Kleniewski, 2001). Human ecologist, Louis Wirth shared with the theoretical antecedents of urban ecology, Tonnies, Durkheim and Simmel, the notion that social interactions in cities were different from social interactions in rura l areas or small communities. He believed that social interactions in modern industrial cities were impersonal and fragmented. He believed that factors such as size, density, and heterogeneity were responsible for social relations found in cities (Kleniewski, 2001). This theory of human ecology was used to study human behavior such as, lives of gang members, homeless people and immigrants and to study changing land uses over time in order to show how the different populations of the city adapt to and compete for territories (Kleniewski, 2001. In comparison to urban ecology, political economy is concerned with how urban societies work. Although, political economist developed different understandings and interpretations of how urban societies actually work. In the 1970’s the city had many social problems which included welfare, unemployment and tax inflations. Theorist of political economy, Marx, Engels and Weber viewed the city as a site of struggle due to unequal distribution of resources (Kleniewski, 2001). Therefore in contrast to the urban ecology theory of humans being immediately dependent on their environment, the theory of political economy stresses that the city relies not only on its environment but its social arrangement, economic and political functions. Also in contrast to urban ecology, residential patterns are not only influenced by humans just adapting to their natural environment but by economic inequalities. This leads to competition. In contrast to urban ecology, competition not just among groups for space but among groups for control of economic resources. Political economists theorize that â€Å"social norms,† in contrast to urban ecology are not only influenced by size and density of the population but also influenced by the values of dominant groups (Kleniewski, 2001). These struggles or social forces help shape urban patterns and urban social life. Therefore, class, social status, political power, racial and ethnic conflicts also play a major role in shaping the city (Kleniewski, 2001). The Political Economy Perspective

Heartbreak Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

Salty tears of frustration streamed down my checks into the steaming mineral water that surrounded me. No one noticed; no one cared. I was just another stranger in the crowd drifting along in Glenwood Pool. There was only one difference; I was alone. Everyone else in the pool seemed to have someone, and everywhere I looked couples were kissing! If someone had been surveying the whole thing they would have found happiness in every corner ... then they would have seen me; sulking in my corner of the pool with fat, old, wrinkly, bald men swimming past me repeatedly. I let out a withered sigh, which caused me to choke in the middle of yet another sob. I had had enough. I weakly pulled myself out of the pool and walked to my towel. I grabbed the huge, orange and white stripped thing and wrapped it around my shivering body, hoping to find some warmth and comfort; but even my monstrous beach towel could not cut the chill I felt inside. I started to walk to the changing room past the hundred faces I knew nothing of, but by now were familiar. I had searched each face a hundred times hoping to see someone I knew. Finally, I realized that I knew none of them, and the person I was looking for just wasn't coming. A little boy with a toothless smile came running toward me. I stopped him and gave him my water slide tickets. He gave me a smile that said I had given him the world and ran away squealing after his daddy. I sighed again and thought, "Well, at least he's happy!" My throat tightened as I swallowed another sob. I quickened my pace to the changing room. I wanted to get away from this place as soon as possible. I opened the door and walked in. The smell of sulfur, soap, and shampoo assaulted my nostrils, while the sight of naked wom... ...seen. Three hours I had waited by myself in the pool, but Thomas had never come. I walked to my locker, retrieved my things, and headed for the shower. All I wanted was to get away from the pain I felt. The car was hot and stuffy when I slipped back into the driver's seat. I found the most depressing music I owned and drove out of Glenwood as the sun started to set. Two more hours until I was home, two more hours of thinking what a terrible day I had gone through, and two more hours of cussing myself for being so naà ¯ve. The drive was a long one. On the way home, tears of frustration again stung my eyes. There was no stopping them. Another "being stood up" mark was added to the ever growing list. This one had pierced my heart and the resolve of my soul was to never date again. Thus, the book of dating was slammed shut and the key sank to the bottom of the pool.

Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles Essay

Introduction 1 Background of the Study With the air pollution level rising day by day caused by the emission from conventional vehicles, many government bodies have put in effort to enforce emission control policy since the late of 1960, and it is becoming strict with the EURO committee being the leader until today, where their emission policy and grading system being accepted or referenced worldwide even in Malaysia. The grading system based of emission cleanliness as of today is from Euro 1 to Euro 6, where Euro 1 being the worst emission standard and Euro 6 being the environmental friendly. This is the scene where most modern vehicles are fitted with catalytic converter since late 1975, a simple device that can reduce the harmful emission such as un-burn hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by converting them into cleaner substances such as oxygen and hydrogen through chemical catalyst effect within (Tony & Andrew, 2006). The effect of this is that the rise of the awareness of fuel efficiency, as many will further relate that if fuel efficiency can be increased, then the emission can be further improved, as well as to reduce wastage. Many automobile makers has since then began development of fuel efficient engine in order to make a stand, and consequently lead to the trend of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). 2 Problem Statement However, emission is only one environmental factor as there is other factor which bothers a driver financial aspect, the fuel and its prices. No matter the fuel is expensive and cheap, if one can travel further with a given set amount of fuel, then one can certainly save him/her some money (Tony & Andrew, 2006). And back to the environmental area, fossil fuel is non-renewable energy resources and depletion is certainly inevitable. This is why in recent years, many western automobile makers started to look into building fuel efficient vehicles, by building fuel efficient engines through various ways, most notably by downsizing the engine displacement and compensate it with force induction such as low pressure turbocharger. The effect of this implementation is that using a smaller capacity engine but can achieve the power delivery of a high capacity engine, yet with lower fuel consumption. However back in the eastern automobile industry, where the Japanese being the leader they had something else in mind, not only they wanted fuel efficiency but at the same time they wished to maximize the go green concept. Henceforth they come up with the idea of hybrid vehicle, where in general terms a vehicle is powered by 2 sources of input, which is a normal internal combustion engine, supported by an additional electric motor which requires special battery pack. The advantages of this implementation is that the fuel consumption and emission is superior over the formal, while the drawback is the maintenance and cost of replacement for faulty battery pack is very expensive. With the hybrid being the hot trend now given the promising sales figures from European countries and the USA, generally the maintenance factor is not an issue for them, however in this research we need to find out the factors that influence a buyer into considering, buying a hybrid vehicle over here in Malaysia, as the hybrid trend is still very new here in Malaysia, generally starting on the year of 2006 where Honda introduces Civic Hybrid. However with the recent tax exemption on hybrid vehicles from the Malaysia government, the trend seems to be changing positively and now we have several models from Honda and Toyota to offer in response to the policy. 3 Research Objectives a) What are the factors that influence consumer into considering a hybrid vehicle? b) What are the factors that support consumer into buying a hybrid vehicle? c) What are the factors that consumer worries about when purchasing a hybrid vehicle? 4 Significance of the Study This study into the factors that affect the buying decision of hybrid vehicles in Malaysia could project the trend and acceptance of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia. With that information, local automobile makers can consider into developing our own hybrid vehicles to offer the local markets a broader choice, as well as to stay competitive in the market. Additionally, this will be a good catalyst to spark off â€Å"Go Green† concept into consumers’ mind that is beneficial to the restoration and perseverance of the environment. 5 Scope of the Study In this research, we will first take a general look and introduction into both the low pressure force induction technology and the hybrid technology further then compare and contrast the pros and cons in detail. With both concept understood, we will begin to focus on the trend of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia, finding out the factors that support or deter the acceptance of hybrid vehicle through questionnaire aimed at hybrid owners and potential hybrid owners, from then we can know what are the main factors and concern of buyer upon making a decision for a hybrid vehicle, and then conclude what can be done to further increase the acceptance level of hybrid vehicles. Literature Review According to Markel & Simpson (2006), the implementation of hybrid electric vehicles can effectively reduce petroleum consumption up to 30% when compared to conventional vehicle, however a fully plug-in hybrid electric vehicle shall be undergo development to further improve the savings and reduce the wastage, as current hybrid electric vehicles uses electric motor powered by battery pack to assist the engine, which is costly when one needs to replace, and it did not provide much desired power. The manufacturer can of course put in a bigger battery pack to punch out better power and durability, but with every 15% of improvement the cost is nearly doubled. This issue is also mentioned before way back in year 2001, where the development of hybrid vehicles began with the aim in providing a superior fuel efficiency vehicles with minimal wastage and pollutants emitted, in prior to address two major problems (Allella et al, 2001): a) Consumption of fuel : World petroleum reserves and residues are unlikely able to sustain against the ever growing necessity of consumption b) Pollution : Generally referred to the harmful emission that can damage the environmental health. The most common hybrid vehicle design is found within the famous Japanese automobile makers, respectively the Honda & the Toyota. The idea is to fit an electric motor powered by a battery pack that will recharge itself using the lost energy during the braking procedure, to assist a smaller capacity conventional engine in acceleration. With the motor assistant, the engine need not work and rev up that hard to get the vehicle moving therefore fuel consumption can be lowered. When certain conditions are met, the vehicles may also run solely on the electric motor itself most probably during low speed cruising. Putting the vehicle design aside, as stated by Kuo & Wang (2011), the disciplinary in driving, as well as the climate is major factor in reducing fuel consumption. Kuo & Wang pointed out that in countries that have tropical climate, such as those near to the equator, tend to have higher fuel consumption index compared to other countries with 4 seasons climate, this is mainly due to the fact that fuel burns better and more efficient when the air temperature is colder, as colder air is more dense and henceforth carries more oxygen molecules. Other than that, since the temperature is generally high throughout the year for tropical climate countries, drivers tend to switch on the air-conditioner (A/C) most of the time to withstand the hot weather, and A/C draws power from the engine to power up the compressor and cooling coil, therefore it results in loss of power from engine and leads to higher fuel consumption. On the disciplinary side, traveling below or way above the optimum speed of a vehicle, usually around 90KM/H to 110KM/H will affect the fuel consumption, where most drivers tend to speed when the chances arise. One should also try to plan their traveling route ahead, in order to avoid unnecessary traffic congestion which can result in poor fuel consumption, as start-stop driving proven to have 60% increased fuel consumption compared to smooth non-stop driving. This is generally experienced by most drivers that they can achieve better mileage if they travel on the highway often. Research Methodology 1 Theoretical Framework [pic] 2 Generation of Hypothesis Assume that a) H0 = Null Hypothesis (No relationship between IV & DV) b) H1 = Alternative Hypothesis (Significant relationship between IV & DV) |H1 |H0 – There is no relationship between maintenance and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | | |H1 – There is significant relationship between maintenance and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | |H2 |H0 – There is no relationship between fuel consumption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | | |H1 – There is significant relationship between fuel consumption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | |H3 |H0 – There is no relationship between tax exemption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | | |H1 – There is significant relationship between tax exemption and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | |H4 |H0 – There is no relationship between personal view and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | | |H1 – There is significant relationship between personal view and purchase decision of hybrid vehicles. | Conclusion In conclusion, no matter it is partial hybrid or fully plug-in hybrid, the main objectives are to prolong the sustainability of petroleum through improved fuel consumption. By going green, the hybrid technology can also help in reducing wastage and guarantee cleaner emission that can contribute to better environmental health and quality. Therefore with all the benefits and savings, we should try to adopt and embrace the implementation of hybrid vehicles. However, there is still room for improvement given the hybrid technology is still new within a decade of time. Government should come out with policy that can help greatly in promoting the adaptation of this green technology. Reference: 1) Allella et al, (2001), Negative Log-gamma Distribution for Data Uncertainty Modeling in Reliability Analysis of Complex System Methodology and Robustness, International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, Vol. 18, Napoli, Italy. 2) Allela et al, (2005), Optimal Reliability Allocation Under Uncertain Conditions With Application to Hybrid Vehicle Design [Online], International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, Vol. 22, Napoli, Italy. Available from (www. emeraldinsight. com/0265-671X. htm) [Accessed June 6 2011] 3) Apaydin O.& Gonullu MT, (2008), Emission Control With Route Optimization In Solid Waste Collection Process, Vol. 33, Sadhana. 4) Davis S. & Diegel S, (2004), Transportation Energy Databook, 24th Edition. 5) Duval M, (2004), Advanced Batteries for Electric Drive Vehicles, EPRI. 6) Hirsch et al, (2005), Peaking of World Oil Production: Impracts, Risks, and Mitigation. 7) Kuo Y. & Wang CC, (2011), Optimizing the VRP by Minimizing Fuel Consumption [Online], International Journal of Management of Environmental Quality, Vol. 22. Available from (www. emeraldinsight. com/1477-7835. htm) [Accessed 8 June 2011] 8) Markel T. & Simpson A, (2005), Energy Storage Considerations for Grid-Charged Hybrid Electric Vehicles, IEEE Vehicular Technologies Conference, Chicago, IL. 9) Markel T. & Simpson A, (2006), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System Design [Online], National Renewable Energy Laboratory, available from (http://www. nrel. gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/pdfs/39614. pdf) [Accessed 8 June 2011].

The Guilty Conscience Is As Bad As A Guilty Act

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury, I've come here today to present you with a man who wants to justify the murder of his wife. I will show you how unjustified his act and his thoughts were in this not so spontaneous crime. Othello is on trial for murder and I would like to remind you that he has admitted full and absolute blame for this and you should not heed that lightly. Under the circumstances his mental state will come into account, but do not be bewildered by his claims of psychosis as any man could have had these thoughts befallen upon him and not taken action. This act of murder was premeditated, therefore making it first-degree murder. In a passing conversation earlier with Iago, Othello suggests that Desdemona â€Å"shall not live†. (Othello, 4. 1. 170) He goes on to describe how he should murder her as a passing thought. As Othello has stated here â€Å"Hang her! – I will chop her into messes. – Get me some poison, Iago, this night. † (Othello, 4. 1. 174,184,188) Iago goes on to suggest that Othello shouldn't poison his wife but rather strangle her in bed. Othello continued to speak with Iago about how he was going to strangle his wife because of her supposed adultery against him. Even though Iago is an accessory to this crime for his manipulation of Othello's thoughts and his suggestions on how to kill Desdemona, Othello is still at fault for the proceeded crime. Mens rea suggests that Othello knew murdering his wife was wrong and yet he did so out of spite. His actus reus suggests that in killing his wife he was distraught and did act in the heat of passion, yet still mens rea proves him guilty of this act and his malice aforethought. His psychological state is that of every other man with a jealous, green monster on his back. He is not warranted to any plea of insanity as he acted on a conscious and well planned thought, which does not concede in insanity. Othello once more admits to his guilty consciousness of this crime in his words just before he murdered Desdemona: â€Å"Yet I'll not shed her blood. Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow and smooth as monumental alabaster. Put out the light, and then put out the light. If I quench thee, thou flaming minister, I can again thy former light restore, should I repent me. But once I put out thy light, thou cunning'st pattern of excelling nature, I know not where is that Promethean heat that can thy light relume. When I have plucked the rose, I cannot give it vital growth again, it needs must wither. I'll smell it on the tree. Ah, balmy breath, that dost almost persuade justice to break her sword! One more, one more. Be thus when thou art dead, and I will kill thee, and love thee after. One more, and this the last. So sweet was ne'er so fatal. † (Othello, 5. 2. 3-20) He suggests that he will not mar her as to ruin her skin, and yet he wishes to â€Å"put out her light† metaphorically saying he wishes she were dead. He goes on to contemplate his actus reus by comparing her to a flame and a rose that can not be restored after its eradication. Othello planned the murder of his wife with his inferior soldier, he knew what he was doing was wrong, and he continued to smother her as she pleaded for her life. Desdemona begged for her life shortly before her death: â€Å"Oh banish me, my lord, but kill me not! – Kill me tomorrow, let me live tonight! – But half an hour! – But while I say one prayer! â€Å". She was unjustifiably murdered for an act she knew she had not committed. Othello acted on his jealousy and thoughts of malice rather than his love and faith in his wife, does this not make him a guilty man? Should Othello be acquitted of this crime or convicted of this horrendous act of murder as it is? That is for you to decide. Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, Eleventh Edition. Thomas R. Arp, Greg Johnson. Senior Publisher: Lyn Uhl. Publisher: Michael Rosenberg. Development Ed: Helen Triller. Assistant Ed: Erin Bosco. Boston, Ma. Years Published: 2006, 2009, and 2012. Shakespeare, William. Othello. Pages 1276-1369.

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict Many excellent historians have discussed the causes of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), and many more will do so in the future. Thucydides, however, wrote the most important contemporary chronicle of the war. Importance of the Peloponnesian War Fought between the allies of Sparta and the empire of Athens, the crippling Peloponnesian War paved the way for the Macedonian takeover of Greece by Philip II of Macedon and, following that, Alexander the Greats empire. Before the Peloponnesian War, the city-states (poleis) of Greece had worked together to fight off the Persians. During the Peloponnesian War, they turned on each other. Thucydides on the Cause of the Peloponnesian War In the first book of his history, participant-observer and historian Thucydides recorded the causes of the Peloponnesian War: The real cause I consider to be the one which was formally most kept out of sight. The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable.I.1.23 History of the Peloponnesian War While Thucydides seemed quite certain that he had settled the question of the cause of the Peloponnesian War for all time, historians continue to debate the origins of the war. The main reasons proposed are: Sparta was jealous of other powers and desired more power for itself.Sparta was unhappy at no longer having all the military glory.Athen bullied its allies and neutral cities.There was a conflict among city-states between competing political ideologies. Historian Donald Kagan has been studying the causes of the Peloponnesian War for decades. His 2003 book provides a detailed breakdown of the politics, alliances, and events that led to the war. Athens and the Delian League Many historical accounts make brief mention of the earlier Persian Wars, which undervalues their importance as a contributing factor to the later war. Because of the Persian Wars, Athens had to be rebuilt and it came to dominate its group of allies politically and economically. The Athenian empire started with the Delian League, which had been formed to allow Athens to take the lead in the  war against Persia, and wound up providing Athens with access to what was supposed to be a communal treasury. Athens used these communal funds to build up its navy and, with it, its importance and power. Spartas Allies Earlier, Sparta had been the military leader of the Greek world. Sparta had a set of loose alliances by means of individual treaties that extended to the Peloponnese, excepting Argos and Achaea. The Spartan alliances are referred to as the Peloponnesian League. Sparta Insults Athens When Athens decided to invade Thasos, Sparta would have come to the aid of the north Aegean island, had Sparta not suffered a natural disaster. Athens, still bound by alliances of the Persian War years, tried to help the Spartans, but was rudely asked to leave. Kagan says that this open quarrel in 465 BCE was the first between Sparta and Athens. Athens broke off the alliance with Sparta and allied, instead, with Spartas enemy, Argos. Athens Gains an Ally and an Enemy When Megara turned to Sparta for help in its boundary dispute with Corinth, Sparta, which was allied with both city-states, declined to come to their aid. Megara broke its alliance with Sparta and proposed a new one with Athens. Athens needed a friendly Megara on its border since it provided gulf access, so it agreed in 459 BCE. Doing so, unfortunately, set up lasting enmity with Corinth. About 15 years later, Megara joined back up again with Sparta. Thirty Years Peace In 446 and 445, Athens, a sea power, and Sparta, a land power, signed a peace treaty. The Greek world was now formally divided in two, with two hegemons. By treaty, members of one side could not switch and join the other, although neutral powers could take sides. Historian Kagan writes that, for possibly the first time in history, an attempt was made to keep the peace by requiring both sides to submit grievances to binding arbitration. Fragile Balance of Power A complicated partially ideological political conflict between Spartan-ally Corinth and her neutral daughter city and strong naval power, Corcyra, led to Athenian involvement in Spartas realm. Corcyra appealed to Athens for help, offering to Athens the use of its navy. Corinth urged Athens to remain neutral. But since Corcyras navy was powerful, Athens was concerned that it would fall into Spartan hands and disrupt whatever fragile balance of power the city-states were maintaining. Athens signed a defense-only treaty and sent a fleet to Corcyra. Fighting ensued and Corcyra, with Athens aid, won the Battle of Sybota against Corinth in 433. Athens now knew that direct battle with Corinth was inevitable. Spartan Promises to Athens Ally Potidaea was part of the Athenian empire, but also a daughter city of Corinth. Athens feared a revolt, with good reason, since the Potidaeans had secretly acquired a promise of Spartan support, to invade Athens, in violation of the 30 years treaty. Megarian Decree Athens former ally, the polis Megara, had allied with Corinth at Sybota and elsewhere, and Athens, therefore, put a peacetime embargo on Megara. Historians are not clear on the embargos effects, some saying that Megara was merely made uncomfortable, while others claim that it set the polis on the brink of starvation. The embargo was not an act of war, but Corinth took the opportunity to urge all allies disaffected with Athens to pressure Sparta now to invade Athens. There were enough hawks among the ruling bodies in Sparta to carry the war motion. And so the full-fledged Peloponnesian War began. Sources Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War. Viking, 2003Sealey, Raphae. The Causes of the Peloponnesian War. Classical Philology, vol. 70, no. 2, April 1975, pp. 89-109.Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley, J.M. Dent and Sons, 1910.

Free Essays on Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his artistic career, which lasted more than 75 years, he created thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using all kinds of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art. He changed art more profoundly than any other artist of this century. First famous for his pioneering role in Cubism, Picasso continued to develop his art with a pace and vitality comparable to the accelerated technological and cultural changes of the twentieth century. Each change embodied a radical new idea, and it might be said that Picasso lived several artistic lifetimes. Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain, son of an artist, Jose Ruiz, and Maria Picasso. Rather than adopt the common name Ruiz, the young Picasso took the rarer name of his mother. An artistic prodigy, Picasso, at the age of 14, completed the one-month qualifying examination of the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day. From there he went to the Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, returning in 1900 to Barcelona, where he frequented the city's famous cabaret of intellectuals and artists, Els Quatre Gats. The years of 1901 to 1904, known as the "blue period" because of the blue tonality of Picasso's paintings were a time of frequent changes of residence between Barcelona and Paris. During this period, he would spend his days in Paris studying the masterworks at the Louvre and his nights enjoying the company of fellow artists at cabarets like the Lapin Agile. 1905 and 1906 marked a radical change in color and mood for Picasso. He became fascinated with the acrobats, clowns and wandering families of the circus world. He started to paint in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his "rose period." In 1907, Picasso painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon,"... Free Essays on Pablo Picasso Free Essays on Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his artistic career, which lasted more than 75 years, he created thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using all kinds of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art. He changed art more profoundly than any other artist of this century. First famous for his pioneering role in Cubism, Picasso continued to develop his art with a pace and vitality comparable to the accelerated technological and cultural changes of the twentieth century. Each change embodied a radical new idea, and it might be said that Picasso lived several artistic lifetimes. Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain, son of an artist, Jose Ruiz, and Maria Picasso. Rather than adopt the common name Ruiz, the young Picasso took the rarer name of his mother. An artistic prodigy, Picasso, at the age of 14, completed the one-month qualifying examination of the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day. From there he went to the Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, returning in 1900 to Barcelona, where he frequented the city's famous cabaret of intellectuals and artists, Els Quatre Gats. The years of 1901 to 1904, known as the "blue period" because of the blue tonality of Picasso's paintings were a time of frequent changes of residence between Barcelona and Paris. During this period, he would spend his days in Paris studying the masterworks at the Louvre and his nights enjoying the company of fellow artists at cabarets like the Lapin Agile. 1905 and 1906 marked a radical change in color and mood for Picasso. He became fascinated with the acrobats, clowns and wandering families of the circus world. He started to paint in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his "rose period." In 1907, Picasso painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon,"...

Definition and Examples of Anti-Language

Definition and Examples of Anti-Language Anti-language is a minority dialect or method of communicating within a minority speech community that excludes members of the main speech community. The term antilanguage was coined by British linguist M.A.K. Halliday (Anti-Languages, American Anthropologist, 1976). Examples and Observations Anti-languages may be understood as extreme versions of social dialects. They tend to arise among subcultures and groups that occupy a marginal or precarious position in society, especially where central activities of the group place them outside the law. . . .Anti-languages are basically created by a process of relexicalizationthe substitution of new words for old. The grammar of the parent language may be preserved, but a distinctive vocabulary develops, particularlybut not solelyin activities and areas that are central to the subculture and that help to set it off most sharply from the established society.(Martin Montgomery, An Introduction to Language and Society. Routledge, 1986) The ideological function and sociolinguistic status of Black English is reminiscent of (though not identical to) an anti-language (Halliday, 1976). This is a linguistic system that reinforces group solidarity and excludes the Other. It is speech characteristic of a group which is in but not of a society. As an anti-language, BE emerges as a counter-ideology; it is the language of rebellion and the symbolic expression of solidarity among the oppressed.(Geneva Smitherman, Talkin That Talk: Language, Culture, and Education in African America. Routledge, 2000) Long after they learn to behave as adults expect them to, children continue to investigate the boundaries of sense and nonsense. Anti-language flourishes in the society of children as an unself-conscious culture (Opie, 1959).(Margaret Meek, Play and Paradox, in Language And Learning, ed. by G. Wells and J. Nicholls. Routledge, 1985) Nadsat: Anti-Language in A Clockwork Orange [T]here is something at once delightful and horrible, dogged and elusive in A Clockwork Orange [by Anthony Burgess] . . .. There is something about the novel so frightening that it demanded a new language and something so immanent in the message of the novel that it refused to be separated from the language. . . .The novels tempo, and its overwhelming linguistic accomplishment is to a great degree based upon the language Nadsat, coined for the book: the language of the droogs and of the night. It is the jargon of rape, plunder, and murder veiled in unfamiliarity, and as such it works highly successfully. . . . The novel makes a fleeting reference to the origins of the language. Odd bits of old rhyming slang . . . a bit of gipsy talk, too. But most of the roots are Slav. Propaganda. Sublimation penetration (p. 115).(Esther Petix, Linguistics, Mechanics, and Metaphysics: Anthony Burgesss A Clockwork Orange (1962). Old Lines, New Forces: Essays on the Contemporary British Novel, 1960-19 70, ed. by Robert K. Morris. Associated University Presses, 1976)Nadsat is derived from Russian, British, and Cockney rhyming slang. Burgess said that elements of the language were inspired by the Edwardian Strutters, British teenagers in the late 1950s who carried out violent attacks on innocent people. Rhyming slang is characteristic of Londons East End, where speakers substitute random rhyming words for others: for example, nasty becomes Cornish pasty; key becomes Bruce Lee; and so on. (Stephen D. Rogers, The Dictionary of Made-Up Languages. Adams Media, 2011)

Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Analysis - Essay Example It is not until the ad shows the picture of Schaeffers New Zealand Style Deck Sealant that the audience happens to understand what the ad is all about. The ad promotes Schaeffers New Zealand Style Deck Sealant drawing upon its capability to protect a deck from the effects of weather and other environmental factors like rain, moisture, and humidity. The sealant prolongs the life of the deck and protects its color, texture, and strength. Sexuality and eroticism is the underlying theme of the ad. The actor says that he wouldn’t let children get on his d*ck because it was unsafe for them until he applied the sealant on it. He says that even his neighbor knows about his d*ck’s strength after it has been protected with sealant and the neighbor gardening down reaffirms his claim. This ad draws upon men’s obsession with their sexual power that is manifested in the health of their private part. The actor says all about his d*ck that any man would want about his private part in terms of color, quality, and strength regardless of age. With a devilish smile on his face, the actor says, â€Å"After all, summer time’s all about spending time on your d*ck†; it couldn’t be funnier! The reason why makers of the ad put sexuality and eroticism as the underlying theme of the ad is to make the ad memorable for the target audience i.e. men. They know that men are their prime target consumers because construction works are generally executed by men. So they wanted to make an ad that would capture the attention of men and not just that, possibly be the ad that men like to discuss in their gossip in each other’s company. The fact that the actor asks his male neighbor to reaffirm the quality of his d*ck suggests that the ad appeals to men regardless of their sexual orientation. This homosexual element of the ad adds cherry atop the cake. To conclude, the subtle message promoted by the ad of Schaeffers New Zealand Style Deck Sealant is that men

A personal statement for UC transfer applicant

A for UC transfer applicant - Personal Statement Example My high school was among the top schools in China. My dad owned a technology business and employed a diverse workforce. The composition of his workforce had an influence on me that made me learn Japanese and English. I studied Japanese for seven years while in high school. In addition, I learned English as my second language while in middle school and high school. Through my studies, I ensured that I learned the best skills that would assist in my family businesses later in my life. My desire to study a major in economics is also driven by my experience in stock exchange market which my parent also engages in as part of their business. I am interested in the stock market, and I look forward to starting trading when I am through with my major. Thus learning the best skills required to make earning out of stock will help me take over on my mother’s stock market business. I wish also to help my dad and mom while studying even before I complete my major in Economics. I have volunteered during holidays as a community social worker. During my time in campus, I helped organize campus events such as group debate. Moreover, I have been a member of AGS since the spring of 2014 and had held meetings with people intending to join the organization. In addition, I supervised fund raising and all events of the AGS. Furthermore, I have off-campus experiences involving food bank visiting, state park events and attending beach rallies. Moreover, I worked for Starbucks as a part-time intern for over a year. Throughout my internship, I met a lot of people and learned more on how to make beverages. Moreover, it is during my time at the company that I perfected my communication skills. I learnt how to interact will customers and how to handle those who were dissatisfied with the company products and services. Before, my time in Starbuck I was very shy and timid when facing new people. However, the company exposed to me all I needed to fit in the business

Review of Three Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review of Three Ethical Theories - Essay Example According to this theory, individuals are seen as rational and utility maximizing entities. Several business decisions today are based on this principle; that is, the correct business decision is one that maximizes the net benefit to the society. Thus, the decision which is in the best interests of the society is one that maximizes the net benefit to the society. The founder of traditional Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham, argued that best and most valuable judgments are those that are based on objective considerations (Scarre, 1996). Thus, the benefits and costs of each public policy should be weighed and then the policy should be executed only if the benefits outweigh the costs. The theory inherently assumes that the costs and benefits can be measured (Scarre, 1996). Thus, the value of the costs can be subtracted from the value of benefits. The theory does not aim at maximizing an individual’s utility. It aims at maximizing the net benefits to the society. The provision of pub lic and merit goods is based on this theory. It is consistent with morality since it takes into account ‘everyone’s’ interests in equal amount. ... According to him, each individual have a moral right to this and that this moral right of individuals translates into duties for other individuals. The first foundation of this imperative is based on the principles of universibility and reversibility (Butler, 2008). Thus, individuals must ask themselves how they would feel if other treated them the same way and how would they feel if everyone did the same. Thus, according to Kant, the immoral decisions and actions were those that one wouldn’t want for oneself (Butler, 2008). The second imperative states that individuals ought not to be treated merely as means; that is, their capacity to choose freely for themselves must also be developed. This clearly demonstrates that while the Utilitarians imply an ‘economically rational’ justification for actions, Rights Ethics correctly captures the human values and goes beyond the traditional cost-benefit analysis. Thus, according to Utilitarians, individuals could be deprive d of their right to liberty simply because the net benefit isn’t maximized (Jeurissen, 2007). Hence, Rights Ethics takes a step forward by respecting not only the positive but also the negative rights of individuals ( that is, the freedom from coercion). Thus, the Rights Ethics many of the flaws associated with the Utilitarian view. Firstly, the utilitarian view simplistically assumes that all the consequences of an action can be quantitatively measured (Smart & Williams, 1973). This is not always the case. For instance, how could one assign a value to one’s life? Secondly, it deals insufficiently with rights, morals and justice (Smart & Williams, 1973). As outlined in the following

Self-Concept-PSY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self-Concept-PSY - Essay Example This means that we have the ability to make choices and that not everything in life is completely deterministic, even though some aspects are. Through exploring experiential freedom, this is the way in which we learn and grow. Societies and the development on both the personal level and collective level is based on the ability to make choices, whether they are right or wrong. I think that the least important trait is organismic trusting. Roger’s basically stated that this is doing what feels natural. As a component of basic living, humans are going to do whatever they please, whether it is natural or not. Thus, this component of being able to be â€Å"fully functional† seems to be redundant and unnecessary. These qualities are related to the development of personality. The decisions and method by which a person lives will inherently play a role in the development of the self. In addition, the qualities of society and socialization will also play a role in the developmen t of personality. The five traits are highly abstract that deal with the ability to make choices and the way in which a person looks at the world and interacts.

Implications and Recommendations for Research, Policy and Practice Research Paper

Implications and Recommendations for , Policy and Practice - Research Paper Example This research paper explores the implication and recommendations for research, policy, and practice. The researcher focuses on the discussing of how findings of recommendations made for research impact his role as an educator. It is stated that the influence of research on practice has always been predominant in educational materials, pre-service and in-service teacher education, public policy, and public opinions. The researcher describes the research findings that will be the most significant to his specific situation, such as the introduction of new assessment technologies and tools to the students. This will enable the researcher to understand how each of his students learn and bring out some of their special learning needs. The researcher also provides additional recommendation for research and discusses how he will apply recommendations for policy and practice in his role as an educator. This will make the education process more effective and ensuring learning among the student s regardless of their special needs. Most valuable recommendation for research on policy and practice were also described in this research paper as well as additional recommendation for research on policy and practice. A research recommendation on policy and practice that the researcher can suggest is a research on the policies governing the assessment of students. This research should be undertaken with the aim of investigating alternative policies that we can introduce to enhance individually based assessments.

Business to Business (B2B) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business to Business (B2B) - Essay Example Glaxo is a pharmaceutical company that sells their products to nursing homes and hospitals. Glaxo sells the potential malaria drugs to most nursing homes and hospitals globally. The company has set an example to other drug companies for their exceptional way to deal with malaria that statistically kills many victims. 3. Find some facts about government buying. For example, how much does the government spend on goods and services? Find some facts about government procurement for local, state or federal. What does the government buy? What specific agency buys what? In most cases, the overall government spending varies from one nation to the other. In the United States, the overall government spending on goods and services approximates to $5, 800, 839, 970 (Young 33). The government buys goods and services such as Education, Health care, Pensions, welfare, Interest, and Defense among others. The Government procurement for the state is on similar principles to marketable contracting, although subjected to laws and regulations. Rules and regulations are set forth in the constitution, and the government exercises its power through regulations and legislation issued. Agencies are charged with supervising and coordinating the government functioning. For instance, under the United States Department Defense, there are many agencies such as the Defense Intelligence, Pentagon Force Protection, National Security, and Missile Defense. These agencies supervise and coordinate the government functioning in issues relating to national

Implications and Recommendations for Research, Policy and Practice Research Paper

Implications and Recommendations for , Policy and Practice - Research Paper Example This research paper explores the implication and recommendations for research, policy, and practice. The researcher focuses on the discussing of how findings of recommendations made for research impact his role as an educator. It is stated that the influence of research on practice has always been predominant in educational materials, pre-service and in-service teacher education, public policy, and public opinions. The researcher describes the research findings that will be the most significant to his specific situation, such as the introduction of new assessment technologies and tools to the students. This will enable the researcher to understand how each of his students learn and bring out some of their special learning needs. The researcher also provides additional recommendation for research and discusses how he will apply recommendations for policy and practice in his role as an educator. This will make the education process more effective and ensuring learning among the student s regardless of their special needs. Most valuable recommendation for research on policy and practice were also described in this research paper as well as additional recommendation for research on policy and practice. A research recommendation on policy and practice that the researcher can suggest is a research on the policies governing the assessment of students. This research should be undertaken with the aim of investigating alternative policies that we can introduce to enhance individually based assessments.

Marketing Myopia and article critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Myopia and article critiques - Essay Example Levitt spoke of the ‘Error of Analysis’ whereby, the company defines its scope inaccurately and is unable to grow because it has restricted itself. Companies tend to stop growing, not because of fall in demand or increased competition, but because they were mismanaged and failed to realize their own potential and the opportunities that would have come with it had they managed themselves properly and expanded their horizons, instead of having a very myopic view about their business. He gives the example of the railway, which has steadily declined over the years as other vehicles become mainstream transport. This failure is not because the demand for rail travel declined, it is because they had a â€Å"product-oriented instead of customer-oriented† approach (Levitt, 1960). In the same vein, the TV business is bigger than the film business ever was, just because Hollywood restricted itself to movies by categorizing itself as being in the film business and not the ent ertainment business and massively restricting its horizons. To explain the reverse side of the argument, TV is a success story because it has not restricted itself to one category. ... Levitt talks of the ‘Shadow of Obsolescence’ whereby companies stop growing once their products lose the sparkle, this often happens when a specific feature of their product that was supposed to have been bringing in the demand, becomes outdated and easily substituted by competition with time. He gives the example of the dry cleaning industry. Once thriving because it provided an effective way to clean wool garments, the industry is now dwindling as synthetic fibers replace wool, ones which are easier to clean and the dry cleaning industry becomes obsolete due to innovative products such as automatic washing machines. Another mistake is the ‘Population Myth’ whereby companies assume that a growing population is synonymous with a growing market demand and the ‘Idea of Indispensability’ whereby companies think they are safe from competition because their product is irreplaceable. This lulls them into a false sense of security and they end up funct ioning under a complacent strategy. An example of this scenario is the petroleum industry; due to its elaborate success throughout its history the petroleum industry has become complacent in its strategy and assumes safely that as long as the world’s population keeps growing, its customer base will forever increase. Complacency however, makes the industry myopic to the fact that many people are now becoming environment conscious and are interested in adopting alternative forms of energy that do not pollute, unlike petroleum products. Another mistake is due to ‘Production Pressures’, since companies are so engrossed in meeting production quota deadlines they lose focus of their

The novel Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

The novel Frankenstein Essay Evil in many individuals is seen as having qualities tending to injury and mischief or as having a nature or properties which tend to negative behavior. The theme of evil is very important to the novel Frankenstein. It is important because, everyone, at one point or time, is seen as evil. Just because they are perceived as evil, it doesnt necessarily mean that they are evil. Everyone can possess the qualities of being evil but that doesnt mean that they should be perceived as evil. In relation to the novel, everyone sees things from their own point of view which therefore creates a whole misunderstanding of the word evil. At the beginning of the novel, a monster is brought into the world by his creator, Frankenstein. Frankensteins dream was to create this monster but it turns out to be what he least expects it to be. Frankenstein perceives the monster as a thing of evil from the moment he brings it to life. Frankenstein than in turn hates the monster. He spent 2 years of his life working on infusing life, into an inanimate body, to than in turn hate it because he perceives it as evil. Frankenstein than abandons the monster because he is disappointed with what he created. The reason he perceives the monster as evil is based mainly on the physical appearance. The monsters muscles and arteries were still showing, and he displayed physical characteristics that would be seen as irregular to society. He believed these irregularities were seen as evil, which in the end, resulted in the desertion of the monster. Since the monster had been abandoned, it ends up wandering into a forest and runs across a town. The villagers visualize it and in turn, throw stones and many other missile weapons at it. This forces it to take refuge back into the forest. This is the first clue that the monster realizes. It eventually sees the problem that he possesses. It sees that it its physical appearance is rather grotesque and apprehends the fact that this may be why he was seen as an outcast to the villagers. On his continued adventure into the woods he comes across a cottage which is occupied by people. It sees this as a chance to be socially accepted into the world. With the physical characteristics, that the monster possesses, he comes to the conclusion that he must understand the human nature to a certain extent, to ensure that he will be accepted into society. It spends the majority of a year outside of the cottage studying up on the human behavior of these cottagers. It recognizes that they possess the ability to communicate through sounds. It attempts to learn the language that they speak, so he could communicate with them verbally. It wants to communicate with them verbally to ensure that they might see it as more human-like than previously discovered. It also attempts to help the family out by surprising them with jobs that were mysteriously accomplished. All this knowledge and help still does not help out the chances of fitting in with the family.

Edgar Allen Poe: A Brief Look :: essays research papers

Edgar Allen Poe from birth January 19, 1809 and death October 7,1849 had made his mark on literary history. He was a genius who went through a very difficult life, which showed in his work. If his life had been perfect we wouldn’t know him as being a great poet. He would just be another scholar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His parents were both actors. Being actors they weren’t well off only playing small roles in third-rate shows. He was one of three children although his older brother had been left to live with another family before Edgar knew him. He was living a normal childhood at the moment. This changed when Edgar was two; his mom had died of tuberculosis. Now him and his sister Rosalie were orphaned. It was not long till Mrs. Frances Allan coaxed her husband into taking in Edgar and raising him. The Allan’s were very wealthy and very able to provide him with the right education he needed to become successful. Mentally Edgar had no one. John Allan never accepted him as a family member he was more of a charity case to him. So really Edgar had lacked any true sense of belonging and never felt loved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyway, he was sent to the University of Virginia. This didn’t turn out well being the atmosphere of campus was more social than academic. There are surviving letters from Edgar to John Allan describing the violence that is seen by Edgar between students. There is also a gambling problem at the campus. Edgar gambled so excessively that John took him out of school and wouldn’t let him continue with his education. He then came home where he found his love engaged to another man. Again he left home; he went to Boston and published a pamphlet of poems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During his life he had a few relationships with different women. Including a marriage to his 13-year-old cousin. When he had these relationships he would still pursue other women. They were supposedly platonic though. He was always more fond of poets. Even after he had been able to marry his true love he still continued to see other women. Many had believed he was a drug addict but really he had a brain lesion. Due to this illness he had fevered dreams and intense nightmares. I believe that some of the more strange works that he wrote are also due to his brain lesion.

Robert Browning Poems: My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover Essay

Robert Browning is one of the most celebrated poets of the Victorian age. His two poems I am working from, "My Last Duchess" and "Porphyria's Lover", are just samples of his eminent work. Browning wrote a range of monologues when living in Italy with his wife, Elizabeth Barret. Dramatic monologues are the basis of the essay. I will discuss whether (or not) each poem "creates a character who reveals himself in what he has to say". My Last Duchess is a monologue spoken by the Duke. He talks about his relationship with his recently deceased wife. Through the words of the poem, he reveals the true demise of the Duchess and the reader is shown the Duke's feelings and opinions of this woman. Porphyria's Lover is also about the death of a woman. It involves a possessive lover who wishes to enshrine a moment of love. Though his method is everything but normal. Both poems are filled with rhyming couplets, however with the technique of enjambment, they are almost undetectable. This is a clever and subtle insinuation to the murderous deed in hand. I would first like to comment on the titles of both poems. My Last Duchess can give many hints to what the poem regards. The word 'My' can symbolise the Duke's wish to own the Duchess and using "My" creates this image. "Last" may make the reader think that she is the latest in a long line of wives, or that she is the last wife once and for all. Porphyria's Lover is left unnamed. Using 'Duchess' the reader can imagine that the male character is a Duke and therefore he has a title and a label. The 'Lover' is anonymous; he has no name, but uses 'Porphyria' to describe himself. This makes him very... ...anonymous Lover is possessively insane. He is driven only by his love for Porphyria. He feels restrained by society and feels that the moment she declares she is his; he cannot let it slip away. Time is against him and he had to find some way of keeping her perfectly preserved and unchanged. The Lover also reveals his rebellion against religion and God, thinking that God will not condemn him, as his deed was not wrong. I prefer Porphyria's Lover to My Last Duchess, as the Duke is terribly arrogant and pedantic. The Lover, I believe, truly loved Porphyria with all his heart, though it is baffling why he felt death was the only option. Whereas the Duke, did not love his wife but saw her as a possession to show off in front of people. The painting must surely work the way he wants it, as it is another thing to show off.

Mid term Exam

1. a. Opportunity cost is the cost of the foregone alternative.   It is the cost incurred for net selecting a particular course of action.   Opportunity cost is present in a lot of areas in economics, such as labor and capital.b. Increasing costs are expenditure that rises due to a particular activity.   For instance, if the economy is growing and the disposable income of the population is increasing, the velocity of circulation of money will rise.   This will eventually lead to increasing costs.c. Unemployment basically comprises the part of labor, which is capable of working, but which presently is not employed.   Unemployment arises when the actual output of the economy is lower the potential gross national product.d. Scarcity arises whenever the quantity supplied does not meet the quantity demanded for a product or service.   Scarcity can also apply for labor supply, in instances, where the economy is growing at a fast rate, but there is not sufficient labor to accomm odate the job vacancies needed.2. a. Chicken is a substitute product of beef.   Therefore the rise in price of chicken will lead to a rise in the demand of beef leading to an outward shift of the quantity demanded.b. If the wages of meat cutters will increase, more individuals would be interested in working in that area.   Therefore the quantity supplied of meet would increase leading to an outward shift in the quantity supplied.c. As income increases the disposable income of the population will rise.   If meet is considered a luxury good, the quantity demanded will rise because more will be afforded.   As a result an outward shift in quantity demanded will arise.d. If import quotas are eliminated, the competition and supply of beef will increase.   This will lead to a surplus in the market, which will eventually direct to a lower demand.   An inward shift of the quantity demanded will thus arise.3. If for instance, the availability of cows diminishes due to an epidemic disease on cows.   This will direct to a leftward shift in the quantity supplied resulting in the quantity supplied not meeting the quantity demanded.   This shortage of meet, will eventually lead to a shift in the demand curve to reach again equilibrium position at a higher price.   The level of employment will be enhanced due to more number of firms willing to enter the market.   However, such shortage may limit the availability of meet supply.On the contrary if competition is increased in the market of beef, due to a reduction/removal in import quotas or new entry of firms, the quantity demanded will shrink through an inward shift.   This will thus lead to a quantity supplied greater than quantity demanded.   Therefore there will be a surplus of meet supplied that will direct a shift in the quantity supplied to meet again equilibrium at a lower price.   Firms will eventually drop out of the market due to lower profits leading to a decrease in the level of employment in such industry.4. The total utility of a client is maximized when the marginal utility of a commodity is equal to the marginal utility of the other good.   Indeed the indifference curve is a graph that portrays a combination of commodities with the same level of utility.   Points are inputted from the situation at hand, which are eventually connected to form an indifference curve graph.   This holds on the assumption that consumption of goods is varied continuously and not incrementally.5. a. Price elasticity of demand is a measure of the level of responsiveness of the quantity demanded to changes in price.   Price elasticity of demand is not the demand curve.b. The income of an individual is an important determinant of demand.   Income elasticity of demand is a calculation that shows the sensitivity of demand in relation to changes in income.c. In the real world a manager should not isolate on the price of the product or service sold only, he should also consider the p rices of substitute and complementary products and services.   In this respect cross-price elasticity of demand is used to calculate the responsiveness of demand of the product marketed in relation to changes in prices of substitute or complementary products.d. Price elasticity of supply also is a determination of the level of responsiveness of the quantity supplied to movements in price.6. The price elasticity of demand is the effect that a change in a variable will hold on the other variable.   A coefficient price elasticity of demand equal to 1 is attained for a unitary elasticity, one greater than 1 for an elastic demand and one less than 1 for an inelastic demand.   Under unitary elasticity, a percentage change in price will exactly provide the same effect on the quantity demanded.   Therefore a one percent increase in price will lead to a one percent decrease in quantity demanded.An elastic demand is an instance where a change in price leads to a more than proportionat e effect on quantity demanded.   Thus a one percent increase in price will lead to a decrease in demand greater than one percent.   On the contrary, under inelastic demand a change in price will lead to a less than proportionate change in quantity demanded.   So a one percent increase in price will direct to a less than one percent decrease in quantity demanded.7. Under an elastic demand total revenue would decrease when the price rises.   This is due to the fact that the increase in price will be exceeded by the reduction in units demanded due such elasticity.   For instance a product that holds a price elasticity of demand of 5.   If the present demand is 100 units and the actual price is $5, the total revenue is $500.If a 1% rise in price occurs increasing it to $5.05 a fall of 5% in demand will occur direct sales to 95 units.   In this case the total revenue would amount to $479.75, which is lower than the original revenue.   On the contrary, under an inelastic d emand a rise in price will direct to higher revenue since the percentage decrease in units sold would be less than the percentage increase in price.8. The cross-price elasticity of demand for substitute goods is always positive because the price of one item and the demand of the other move always in the same direction.   For example, chicken and meat are substitute goods.   If the price of chicken will rise, the quantity demanded for meat will increase too, because clients will shift from buying chicken to meat.The cross-price elasticity of demand for complimentary goods, on the other hand, is always negative because the price and quantity demanded of the variables at hand move at the opposite direction.   For instance, cameras and films are complimentary.   If the price of films increase, the demand for cameras will fall because fewer customers will purchase cameras in light of additional costs incurred for films, which are necessary for the camera to take photos.9. The fir st and most important is the availability of substitutes.   The more a product or service faces substitute products, the more price-elastic is the demand.   This is due to the fact that if there are close substitutes and the price of the product is increased, the customer will shift to the substitute product and therefore the demand for the commodity will decrease.   For example, if the price of laptop computers were to rise, the demand for such product will probably fall because people will shift to personal computers.It is important to note that the effect of substitutes highly depends on how ‘substitute products’ are defined.   Usually the more specific the definition the higher the number of substitute products.   For instance, if the example of laptop computers were to be lessened to laptop computers of Hewlett Packard, one would find more substitute products like laptop computers of other competing companies, leading to a greater price-elastic demand.The income spent on the product is another determinant of price elasticity of demand.   The higher the income spent on the commodity, the more elastic is the demand.   For example, goods like bread, pepper, and sugar tend to have an inelastic demand curve, because they make up a low amount of the consumer’s budget.While products like cars have a more elastic demand curve due to the fact that people are more cost conscious when products are of a high value and therefore are more affected by changes in price.   However, in practice it is not guaranteed that the hypothesis mentioned in this paragraph actually takes place.   Indeed, some economists weaken the theoretical relationship that exists between the proportion of income spent on the product and the price elasticity of demand.Time element also places significant influence on price elasticity of demand.   The longer the time period, the more price-elastic is the demand, because substitute goods will be adapted or cre ated to cater for the change in price.   For example, if the price of electricity were to increase drastically during the passage of time people will replace their home equipment and appliances to consume less electricity.For instance they may adopt a solar geezer or replace their electric cooker with a gas cooker.   On the contrary, the price elasticity of demand of durable goods behaves in the opposite direction.   For durable goods like cars, the responsiveness of demand to price movements weakens with the passage of time.   This is primarily due that in the long run old cars wear out and clients are forced to replace such vehicles if they intend to remain in the same product category.10. Returns to scale are a production technique that considers how a proportionate increase in factors of production will affect total production output.   There are three stages of return to scale, being constant, increasing and decreasing.   Management should reach the highest point of the increasing returns to scale, where output rises in a higher proportion than input.   Economies of scale are more a cost concept, which examines the effect of production on costs through labor specialization and other technical factors.   The information portrayed below show the costs of production for a particular product.As we can see the higher number of units produced per worker is at 4 employees.   After that a diminishing return to scale will arise.   This coincides to the attainment of economies of scale, where the additional cost per new employee is at its lowest by $1.   In this respect returns to scale and economies of scale are related in the sense they normally correspond with each other.   Indeed, economies of scale normally aid the organization in attaining increasing returns to scale.11. Short-run is considered as any time frame in which there is at least one factor of production that cannot be altered and is considered to be fixed.   In the long run all factors of production are variable and can be altered.   In order to remain operative in the short run a firm ought to cover all the variable costs.   Fixed costs at this stage are considered as sunk costs because they cannot be altered and will not affect the going concern decision.12. Explicit costs are costs that involve a cash outflow of money, while implicit costs are expenditure that does not involve cash payments, such as depreciation.13. The economic concept of profit is based on theoretical constructs.   Originally such concept focused on the difference between revenue and expenditure, being the surplus needed to maintain the capital of the firm.   The economic cost of production for a firm was regarded as the opportunity cost of production.With respect to the accounting concept of profit, one must consider the fact that originally the accounting concept of profit was similar to nowadays-economic concept of profit.   Indeed at the origination of this concept accountants regarded profit from a balance sheet perspective.   However during the passage of time accounting profit shifted to a matching of revenues and costs consumed in a particular period of time.   Accountants contend that such shift developed through the evolution of business enterprises, from a fully liquid business enterprise to large public limited companies.14. a. A firm made Sales revenue of $10,000 and revenue expenditure amounted to $9,000.   Equipment of $10,000 was bought and the present interest rate is 10%.   The accounting profit is $1,000, while there is no economic profit since an opportunity cost of capital of $1,000 is deducted with respect to the foregone money due to the equipment bought.b. A firm made Sales revenue of $12,000 and revenue expenditure amounted to $8,000.   Equipment of $12,000 was bought and the present interest rate is 10%.   The accounting profit is $4,000, while the economic profit is $2,800.c. A firm made Sales revenue of $9,0 00 and revenue expenditure amounted to $7,500.   Equipment of $20,000 was bought and the present interest rate is 10%.   The accounting profit is $1,500, while the economic loss amounts to $500.d. As regards example b, the company is attaining economic rent and will thus continue operating.   Under perfect competition new firms will enter this market in the long term.   In case c, the firm will get out of the market due to an economic loss.   As regards example a, a normal profit is attaining, implying that the market is at an equilibrium and under perfect competition no firms will enter or exit the market. References:Hirschey M.; Pappas J. (1995). Fundamentals of Managerial Economics. Fifth Edition. New York: The Dryden Press.Maunders P.; Myers D.; Wall N.; Miller L. (1993). Economics Explained. Second Edition. London: Collins Educational.

Analyzing and Interpreting Data Essay

BIMS management team has been facing a major dilemma of high turnover and extremely low employee morale. BIMS management team has asked Team B to help identify the main cause of the high turnover and low morale and propose an acceptable solution that will result in a decrease of both. Data Collection Conclusion In the past few months we at BIMS have learned, thru the drop in employees that the company’s employee morale was dwindling. So, to help the company boosts the employees’ morale and company image, we decided as a whole in management by collecting data from those that are directly responsible for or affected by the issues, the research should lead them to some resolution to fix the problems we are facing with the turnover in employees. We gave surveys to 449 staff members. The survey collected information on attitudes, opinions, and levels of satisfaction from the staff. We used the levels used nominal, ordinal, and interval levels of measurement for the questions. 449 employees were given surveys, and only 78 turned in the survey, which was less than 18% of the employees. The surveys had flaws and they were biased, causing them to not contain enough input to implement any changes. Summarizing and presenting conclusion Based on the conclusions represented in the collected data of the survey used by management, the findings conclude the overwhelming dissatisfaction of a majority of the employees surveyed. This survey is based on a smaller sample of the entire employee base and represents only those that took part in the process and cannot conclude the entire impact of how all employees feel regarding their employer and how they are ultimately treated in their own minds of fairness. The data gives the management team a look into how their employees feel, what is causing them to consider leaving the company and offers an insight into what the management team can do in order to help  change the perceptions of those that feel negative about any portion of the company. Most employee satisfaction surveys lend the company a well-constructed look into the pulse of their workplace and record proof of dissatisfaction throughout the company, allowing the owners or managers to fix the problems and institute p roductive changes in the area of concern (T. Englander, Employee Surveys, Sept. 1988). Another survey with questions as to why employees are leaving is suggested. Hypothesis Statement Upon the reviews the company has submitted another test asking employees why they are leaving. This survey allows the company to come up with a hypothesis statement and testing. A hypothesis is a statement about a population (Lind, & Marchal, 2011). The company wants to decrease turnover and improve morale. This makes our hypothesis statement if the employee turnover is decreased than the employee morale will increase. Data from the company is then used to check the reasonableness of this statement (Lind, & Marchal, 2011). The survey can identify the areas of greatest concern to the resigning employees. If we look at question 11 that asks employees the primary reason that led them to decide to quit, this could create a hypothesis statement of employees who resigned, did so because they did not like their supervisor. Five Step Hypothesis test The hypothesis test was performed on question 11. Question 11 asks what the primary reason for leaving the organization is. After all the responses were collected 78 out of 78 responses were gathered. Of the 78 responses the two reasons that scored the highest explaining why BIMS employees were leaving the organization was 45% answered their supervisor while 24% were not satisfied with their pay. The null hypothesis would be Ho: = 45 and the alternate would be HÃŽ ±: ≠  45. Testing mean with known variance sample size 78 population variance 0.932281 Mean 2.205128 Null Hypothesis: 45 Type I error 0.05 Z value -391.92 P value (1tail) 1 P value (2tail) 2 Testing The decision was to perform a hypothesis test on question 11 because this gave us the best insight as to why BIMS employees were choosing to leave the organization or had low morale. We decided to use a percentage test to calculate the responses given by BIMS employees for leaving the organization. Below you can see that each question was broken down by percentage of how each employee responded. We took the responses from each question totaled them and then divided them by the number of employees that responded which was 78. The percentages can then be put into a pie chart to create a visual impact. With the attached pie chart it gives BIMS management a clear picture of their employees feelings towards the specific questions asked. For example, most of the employees who answered the survey did not like their supervisor. Interpret Results The results show patterns of dislike toward the management in place and  financial incentive paid to employees. With 45% of all employees surveyed stating their immediate supervisor is not liked, Team B believes it best to introduce management training in an effort to ease the unfavorable tension from the almost half surveyed employees. With limited participation from the employee population, the group cannot strongly encourage change, because of an inconclusive response and varying degrees of discrepancies. Decision Team B used the statistical data obtained from the employee survey results to rule out certain attributes as to why the employees are leaving the company at a faster rate recently. The data points to dissatisfaction in pay and leadership quality. The group believes the decisions made by management have led to a higher quitting rate than ever before, while shift times were ranked very low as a reason for leaving. The survey supports evidence that suggests changes do need to be made in management, and employee departure is relevant to the decisions that have been being made over the past few months. The results also report pay structures need to be addressed, and the company must recognize and be willing to conform to industry standards as far as pay is concerned. Conclusion After processing the small amount of returned surveys completed, the analysis team concludes the returns are far too small to positively make concrete adjustments to many of the possible problems that may be causing employees to quit the company. The team recommends management training with a focus on supervisor’s morale boasting methods in order to help identify those that are not happy with the current management process that takes place. The analyst also reports a need to look into pay increases at the entry levels of the company and make adjustments in an effort to increase productivity and company morale. The team encourages the company to insert a new independent anonymous survey into every employee’s paycheck in hopes of a greater return of data needed to positively make the right changes and implement the changes to keep a happier and healthier work environment. Reference Lind, D., & Marchal, W. (2011). Basic statistics for business & economics (Revised/Expanded ed.). Boston. McGraw-Hill. Englander, Todd, Employee Surveys, Incentive 1988, Sept. pg. 150

Biodegradable Plastics Contribution To Global Methane Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Industry of biodegradable Plastics is a freshly emerged sector, which originated to plan degradable plastics by common biological beings such as, bacteriums, algae and Fungi. Invention of bioplastics specifically resulted to suppress the monopoly of petrochemical plastics in the market since ; petrochemical plastics have become a onerous issue due to economic emphasis, environmental impacts and resource deficit caused by use of non-renewable crude oil oil. Since biodegradable plastics are designed to degrade in the biological environments, the most common and executable method of terminal of life scenario is landfills. Objective of the present survey is to gauge maximal extra methane coevals via biodegradable plastics under landfill anaerobiotic conditions. Literature was reviewed on presently available types of biodegradable plastics, single polymers comprised, production capacity ( twelvemonth 2007 ) and methane production informations from single polymers. Empirical information fo r methane coevals were based on the published experimental literature on single polymers under research lab simulated landfill conditions utilizing thermophilic anaerobiotic sludge digestion. Methane coevals in organic molecules was theoretically calculated based on derived presently available chemical equations, presuming standard temperature and force per unit area conditions. Global methane part by biodegradable plastics was calculated merely utilizing theoretical values since no sufficient informations were available at experimental conditions. Study demonstrates 0.011 % of planetary part of methane by biodegradable plastics if full production capacity in twelvemonth 2007 is assumed to be landfilled and wholly biodegraded. 1.52 % of methane is contributed to planetary emanations, if 90 % of petrochemical plastics are substituted by biodegradable plastics, which the per centum of petrochemical plastics could be technically substituted harmonizing to the studies of PROBIP ( 2009 ) . In comparing of theoretical and experimental informations, experimental information was in the scope of 55.9- 68.84 % upon theoretical informations. The estimated values demonstrate a low degree of methane emanation compared with other anthropogenetic methane beginnings, showing a negligible impact to planetary methane emanation and/or planetary heating by biodegradable plastics. Introduction Plastics are man-made, typically long concatenation polymeric molecules. Substitution of natural stuffs by plastics came about to the scenario back in 1907 after innovation of man-made polymer â€Å" Bakelite † from phenol and methanal ( Thompson et al. , 2009 ) . Improvement of the synthesis methods and techniques have ameliorated the quality of plastics with more stable and lasting belongingss ( Shah et al. , 2008 ) . Today plastics have become an indispensable portion of the worlds ‘ life peculiarly due to their extended usage in packaging, cosmetics, chemicals, and detergents. Plastics we use today are synthesized stuffs extracted from rough oil, coal and natural gas ( Seymour, 1989 ) which is termed as Petroleum based plastics. Property of high doggedness ( really slow biodegradation rate ) of plastics have created being immune to environmental degradability which mounted social consciousness and concerns of proper disposal and direction ( Albertsson et al. , 1987 ) . Wide assortment of plastics are manufactured including polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polythene, polyurethane and rayonss with estimated planetary production of about 140million dozenss per twelvemonth ( Shimao 2001 ) . Therefore inordinate utilizations of plastics have exerted a immense force per unit area globally in footings of salvaging of confined petroleum oil, waste disposal and direction, and environmental diversion. To get the better of the jobs related to petroleum based plastics attending of scientists have devoted their attending that lead to advance research activities to give rise to alternate stuffs, intended to degrade through biological procedures ( Shah et al. , 2008, Lenz and Marchessault, 2004, Amass et al. , 2001 ) . A new type of thermoplastic polyester was foremost produced by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd- London in 1982, which was considered to be wholly biodegradable ( Anderson and Dawes, 1990 ) . The invented merchandise is known as biodegradable plastic since, it ‘s degraded by environmentally available micro-organisms. Term Bioplastic ( BP ) is perplexingly used today to construe bio-based and bio-degradable stuffs. However the survey will chiefly see on the Biodegradable plastics ( BDP ) , which is intended to utilize as a promising solution for the crude oil based plastics. Harmonizing to ASTM definition of BP, BP is a degradable plastic in which the debasement con sequences from the action of naturally-occurring micro-organisms such as bacteriums, Fungis, and algae ( Narayan, 1999 ) . Many different types of BPs have been successfully produced and have invaded the market during past few old ages. BPs are synthesized utilizing works extracted polymers or usage of growing of micro-organisms. Tailoring the belongingss of works extracted polymers via chemical alteration of the chief polymer by hydrolysable or oxidisable groups and utilizing polymer blends ( Amass et al. , 1998 ) have amended BP to utilize in a wide scope of applications contained with novel and good features. The primary end expected over innovation of BPs was the environmental concerns including waste direction, decrease of nursery gas release, and salvaging of non-renewable energy ( petroleum oil and gas ) . Apart from that secondarily, economic facets and new proficient chances came into scenario ( PROBIP, 2009 ) . Today BPs are popular compounds used in packaging stuffs, wetting agents, as biomedical stuffs ( eg: lesion dressings, drug bringing, Surgical implants ) , and agricultural compounds ( eg: command the fertiliser and pesticide release ) . BPs used as packaging stuffs has led to first-class direction scheme chiefly to forestall environmental accretion ( Amass et al. , 1998 ) . Merely 0.3 % ( 0.36 million metric dozenss ) of the world-wide production of conventional plastics has replaced by biodegradable plastics by the twelvemonth of 2007. In twelvemonth 2007 universe plastic coevals was reported as 205 million dozenss ( Gervet and Nordell. , 2007 ) . However 90 % of the conventional plastics are estimated the per centum is capable of technically substituted by BPs. There is an rush in coevals of bio based plastics globally that resulted in an estimated planetary growing of 38 % from 2003 to 2007 ( PROBIP, 2009 ) . Initially when BPs were come ining to the market ( 1990 ) no standard processs were existed to look into the biodegradability of the plastics. To forestall misconceptions with biodegradability of BPs, criterions have been developed by standard organisations to place the actual biodrgradability of BPs in trade good ( Mohee et al. , 2007 ) . At the terminal of the service life BPs wind up in landfills, anaerobiotic intervention workss or composting installations. Based on the degradable belongingss and the belongingss of the material terminal of life, the options vary. Landfill disposed BPs will finally undergo anaerobiotic biodegradation where, the stuffs are disintegrated to methane, C dioxide, H sulfide, ammonium hydroxide, H and H2O as a consequence of series of microbic metabolic interactions ( ATSDR, 2010 ) . Methane gas is a well-known and of import by merchandise which public attending has paid as a planetary heating gas and besides as an economically feasible biofuel. The surv ey is a preliminary effort to look into the degrees of extra methane gas released if terminal of life option is chosen to be a landfill utilizing normally available types of BPs globally, with different biodegradability degrees.Back landTypes of BPs Literature studies legion types of BPs in the market today, such as amylum plastics, Poly glycolic acid ( PGA ) , Poly lactic acid ( PLS ) , poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid, poly 3- hydroxybutanoate ( P3HB ) , Poly 3- hydroxyl valerate ( PHV ) , Polyethylene succinate ( PES ) , Poly butylenes succinate, Poly propiolactone ( PPL ) , starch blends, etc ( Figure 1 ) ( Shah et al. , 2008, PROBIP, 2009 ) , derived from renewable resources such as amylum, works based oils, or cellulose ( Beta analytic, 2010 ) . The survey covers 5 major groups of BDPs presently available in the market with inside informations on different makers engaged in fabricating procedure ( Table 1 ) . Except these chief groups mentioned, chitin ( polyose ) , protein ( collagen, casein ) , and amino acid based BDPs are manufactured in undistinguished degrees, which are non covered in this survey. Main group of polymer contributes the planetary BP production is Cellulose plastics, which the production capacity is ab out 4000Mt per annum. To be considered as a bioplastic, it should be certified lawfully through criterions, EN 13432 or EN 14995 in Europe, ASTM D-6400, ASTM D6868, ASTM D6954, ASTM D7081 in United States, DIN V4900 in Germany or ISO 17088 in other states ( Beta analytic, 2010, ASTM, 2010 ) . As mentioned earlier all BPs are non biodegradable and the biodegradability is based basically on the molecular construction of the compound. ASTM D-6400 requires 60-90 % decomposition of BPs within 180 yearss in natural environment in order to be considered as a biodegradable plastic. ASTM has demonstrated both aerophilic and anaerobiotic criterion methods to place ( severally in composting environments and anaerobiotic digestion procedures ) the extent of biodegradability of BDPs ( Narayan, 1999 ) . Decomposition Degradation and possible degradability of a peculiar BDP varies depending on the environment exists: anaerobic or aerobic ( Ishigaki et al. , 2004 ) . Based on the debasement belongings of a peculiar BDP, terminal of life option should be chosen, whether it is to be disposed in a landfill or composting installation. Different types of dirt micro-organisms ( bacteriums and Fungis ) are responsible for the biodegradation of different types of BPs specifically ( Shah et al. , 2008 ) . Rate and procedure of biodegradation of BPs rely on the Soil belongingss, nature of the pretreatment, features of the polymer such as tactual sensation, mobility, molecular weight, functional groups present, additives, handiness and optimum growing of specific micro-organisms ( Artham and Doble, 2008, Glass and Swift, 1989, Gu et al. , 2000 ) . Initially biodegradation starts with decomposition of the polymer via physical and biological forces. Some fungous hyphae are able to perforate the polymer construc tion and cause clefts and swelling of the stuff ( Griffin, 1980 ) . Heating, chilling, stop deading melt, wetting and drying like physical forces besides contribute the mechanical debasement procedure ( Kamal and Huang, 1992 ) . By and large high molecular weighted polymers have a lesser possible to biodegrade than the low molecular weighted compounds. Broadly extracellular and intracellular microbic enzymes are responsible for biodegradation procedure, and so converted into oligomers, dimers and monomers which can be easy penetrable into bacterial cells. Therefore utilizes for bacterial energy production let go ofing CO2, CH4, and H2O ( Hamilton et al. , 1995, Gu et al. , 200 ) . Present survey will be given accent landfills, as the terminal of life clip option. Less information is available on the biodegradation of BDP in landfill anaerobiotic conditions than aerophilic composting. Thence more probes have to be implemented and few have been reported ( Yagi et al. , 2009 ) . In a l andfill high per centum is readily degraded by anaerobiotic communities in anoxic conditions. As a consequence of series of physical, chemical, cubic decimeter and biological reactions that take topographic point in a landfill, landfill gas is produced, with changing composings based on the type of waste contained ( Barlaz et al. , 1990 ) . Anaerobic debasement of C, Hydrogen and Oxygen incorporating substance is given by the Buswell equation as follows ( Yagi et al. , 2009 ) . CnHaOb + ( n- a/4 – b/2 ) H2O ( n/2 + a/8 – b/4 ) CH4 + ( n/2 – a/8 + b/4 ) CO2 ( A ) Anaerobic decomposition of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen incorporating substance is given as follows ( Behera et al. , 2010 ) . CaHbOcNd + ( ( 4a-b-2c+3d ) /4 ) H2O ( ( 4a+b-2c-3d ) /8 ) CH4 + ( ( 4a-b+2c+3d ) /8 ) CO2 + vitamin D NH3 ( B ) CO2 and CH4 are the chief gaseous substances released during anaerobiotic debasement of any compound. Methane produced in landfills is recovered as an energy beginning where provides an economic advantage. However if non recovered, methane would readily come in to the ambiance, which is listed as one of the major subscriber to planetary heating. Methane is an effectual heat pin downing agent in the ambiance and over 20 times more powerful than CO2 ( USEPA, 2010 a ) . Surveies have reported on methane outputs obtained via anaerobiotic biodegradation for few polymers ( Cellulose ester, Polycaprolactone and Poly lactic acid ) and most are yet to be studied.Methane as a potent planetary heating gasGlobal heating is understood as the chief causing of planetary clime alteration. Global heating is caused due to increase of green house gases in the ambiance such as Carbon dioxide, methane, Nitrous oxide, and H2O vapour ( US composting council, 2009 ) . Methane is considered as a green house gas with high heat pin downing capacity which lasts about 9- 15 old ages in the ambiance. Global warming possible ( GWP ) of green house gases are represented in relation to a mention gas, CO2, where GWP is considered as 1. Global warming potency of methane gas is 21 which infers, 21 times more effectual heat pin downing agent than CO2. Methane is emitted to the ambiance chiefly from anthropogenetic and natural beginnings. 50 % of methane in the ambiance is attributed to anthropogenetic beginnings such as fossil fuel burning, biomass combustion, rice cultivation, carnal farming, and waste direction. Contribution of anthropogenetic methane to planetary green house gas emanation was 282.6 million dozenss in the twelvemonth 2000 ( 22.9 % ) as declared by USEPA ( 2006 ) . Natural beginnings of methane emanations include emanations from wetlands, permafrost, white ants, oceans wild fires and fresh H2O organic structures. Degrees of methane emitted from each part or state depends on facto rs, such as climatic conditions, industrial and agricultural lands, energy type used and godforsaken direction processs. Largest methane emanation homo related beginnings in USA are landfills, carnal farming, and manure direction where the 2nd highest of the list goes to landfills. In the facet of planetary methane production, landfills attributed the 3rd highest beginning of emanation and globally methane part by landfills was over 12 % for twelvemonth 2000 ( USEPA, 2010 B ) . Organic compounds in a landfill, upon decomposition release methane as mentioned above and recent appraisal suggests that 72 % of MSW watercourse contained with organic substances: paper, nutrient garbages, yard dust, textiles/ leather, and wood. Percentages of each MSW constituent landfilled was severally, 34 % , 12 % , 13 % , 7 % , and 6 % ( US composting council. , 2009 ) . Thus methane coevals from each MSW constituent may be assumed being in the same order as above from each MSW constituent, since methan e production is relative to the C sum in an organic substance. Thus paper is the chief methane gas subscriber to the ambiance from a landfill while others play a minor function. BDPs is fresh emerging organic compound set in the landfills and besides a new planetary beginning of methane breathing from a landfill.Gas Generation theoretical accountLandfill gas appraisal is utile for landfill operators, regulators, energy users and energy recovery undertaking proprietors to look into how gas is produced and recovered in a peculiar clip period. USEPA has generated a Landfill methane gas appraisal theoretical account to imitate the gas production in landfills utilizing first order decay curve, which is written as, M ( T ) = M0 vitamin E -kt. Where M ( T ) is the mass of a batch waste staying at any clip, M0 is the initial mass of waste, K is the decay rate ( clip -1 ) and T is the clip since decay was begun. Gas production is straight correlated to mass doomed, which is termed as L0 ( M3 of methane per metric ton of waste ) . Entire Volume of gas ( G0 ) that can be produced by the debasement of mass of weight ( M0 ) is, calculated utilizing the equation, G0 = L0 M0. BDP is a freshly emerging landfill constituent which contributes the planetary methane coevals. The survey will supply an appraisal of extra methane produced upon this new reaching.MethodsStudy was based on appraisal of extra methane gas sum produced from landfills with subsequent outgrowth of BDPs to the market. Literature was reviewed related to trade name names, measure, polymer types incorporated and biodegradability ( particularly in footings of methane production ) of BDPs normally found in the planetary market ( Table1 and Table 2 ) . Manufacturer and measure informations obtained were associated with the twelvemonth 2007. This survey has considered merely biobased and non biobased BDPs and not degradable bio based or non biobased plastics have non been used for analysis as they are incapable of degrade in a landfill and release methane. Study was carried out in 4 stairss. Measure 1: Methane production per twenty-four hours was calculated utilizing published experimental informations on methane gas production in fake landfill conditions presuming entire manufactured BDPs were being landfilled ( Table 2 ) . Biodegradability of a peculiar BDP is likely to change based on the per centums of single polymers contained in the blend. Although production capacity was available in regard to a peculiar trade name name, no production informations was available for single polymers individually. Since a peculiar manufacturer industries different types of BDP stuffs related to fabric, agribusiness, biomedical points and packaging, per centums of single polymers used for blends vary mostly from each other even within the same trade name name. Therefore it ‘s hard to nail a distinguishable per centum for each polymer in a peculiar BDP being manufactured. Further information on per centums of each polymer are neither readily available from the makers ‘ web sites nor descriptive surveies have done sing per centums. Therefore trade name names with multiple polymer types were assumed to be every bit distributed, therefore manufactured capacity from each polymer was obtained by averaging the manufactured capacity of the peculiar trade name name. Most published literature was based on the biodegradability of single polymer types instead than the biodegradability of a peculiar trade name name except for Mater Bi amylum BDP ( Mohee et al. , 2007 ) . Measure 2: Methane production per twenty-four hours was calculated utilizing theoretical stoichiometric methane production informations presuming entire biodegradation of the compound and entire manufactured BDPs ( 2007 ) were being landfilled. Trade names with multiple Numberss of polymers, per centums of single polymers are assumed every bit distributed as mentioned in step1 ( Table 3 ) . Methane gas sum released is theoretically calculated utilizing the chemical equations ( A ) and ( B ) . Maximum biogas ( CO2, CH4 and NH3 ) sum produced by debasement of 1 kgs ton of Poly lactic acid ( ( C2H4O2 ) N ) was calculated to be 7.5 ten 10 5 M3 ( ( 106/60 ) x 22.4x 2 ) at standard temperature and force per unit area. CH4: CO2 ratio for poly lactic acid is 1:1. Theoretical maximal volume of CH4 produced calculated harmonizing to the combined gas jurisprudence was reported to be 3.73 ten 10 5m3, presuming entire biodegradation of the compound. Table 3 displays the maximal theoretical methan e volume produced at standard temperature and force per unit area for C, H, O and N related polymers intended to discourse in this survey. Measure 3: Maximal methane production was calculated sing the sum of BDPs being landfilled per twelvemonth when 90 % ( the possible sum that can be technically substituted by BPs from petrochemical plastics in usage today ) of petrochemical plastics were substituted over BPs. All BDPs produced are assumed to be readily ( during a period of twelvemonth ) biodegradable in this scenario. Measure 4: Contribution of landfilled BDPs to planetary methane emanation was calculated utilizing the entire methane emanation informations obtained from measure 3 and step 4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDatas on methane coevals ( Table 2, step 1 ) was obtained from published experiments on anaerobiotic decomposition of single polymer compounds, imitating landfill, thermophilic conditions by utilizing anaerobiotic sludge as the medium in controlled research lab conditions. However, since different writers have used different conditions with different types of sludges and diversed microbic communities, ( affects diverseness of microbic communities ) ( Abou-Zeid et al. , 2004 ) would impact the dependability of the survey in using the values for comparing, due to debut of many prejudices. It was non possible to gauge planetary methane production based on published experimental informations since sufficient informations were non available to cover a sensible figure of polymers attended this s urvey. However, appraisal for planetary methane production from BDPs was able to obtained by utilizing theoretical computation to near the aims as showed in measure 2, Table 3 ( see appendix for computations ) . If assumed the full manufactured BDPs in twelvemonth 2007 were landfilled and entire landfilled is wholly biodegraded, the methane sum produced was calculated to be 8.31 ten 10 8m3. Global part resulted was 0.011 % in this scenario ( see appendix ) . MSW watercourse is declared to be composed of 205 million dozenss of petrochemical plastics in twelvemonth 2003 ( Garnet and Nordell, 2007 ) . The sum of BDPs that could perchance replace to petrochemical plastics was calculated to be 184.5 million dozenss. Assuming equal proportions of different BDPs tabulated in Table 2 are being landfilled, the sum of methane released is calculated to be 1.06 ten 1011m3 / twelvemonth. 90 % permutation scenario is an appraisal undertaken to understand whether methane released causes important part to planetary anthropogenetic methane gas emanation, in its maximal degree of BDP industry. The scenario is responsible for 1.38 % of planetary methane part. This was 116 % of entire landfill methane coevals based on the twelvemonth 2006 sum methane emanation ( USEPA, 2006 ) , which is higher than the entire current landfill methane coevals. The values were obtained on the footing of 2007 BDP industry informations nevertheless expected entire plastic production will besides be raised seemingly at the clip of 90 % permutation petrochemical plastics upon BDPs. Entire BP production capacity amounted to be in twelvemonth 2020 is 1.5-4.4 million dozenss ( PROBIP 2009 ) . In comparing of the methane outputs ( m3/kt ) from theoretical stoichiometric computations and research lab measurings ( Table 4 ) , extremely vary. It is obvious that, experimental methane production in laboratory conditions is lower than the theoretical information. Percentage of experimental methane emanation was in the scope of 55.9-68.84 % of the theoretical values, when compared the methane emanation degrees of available experimental informations ( PCL and PCL ) . Methane sums will be farther diminished if methane emanation is calculated sing the experimental information. Efficiency of biodegradation procedure occur in a landfill governs the rate and sum of methane generated into the ambiance. Numerous factors such as size of waste atom, composing of waste, pH, temperature, design of the landfill, foods and as the most of import factor wet control the methane emanation in a landfil ( Micales and Skog, 1996, Augenstein and Pacey, 1991 ) . Rathje and Murphy ( 1992 ) have demonstr ated mummification of garbage under degrees where, a landfill does non have optimal degree of wet hindering debasement or methane release ( Barlaz et al. , 1987 ) . Bogner and Spokas ( 1993 ) have shown that C transition value of 25-40 % for even readily degradable stuffs in a landfill and Aragno ( 1988 ) reported 35-40 % organic affair debasement to Carbon dioxide and methane under ideal laboratory conditions. However in the present survey Methane coevals resulted was higher than the published literature, showing higher methane emanations from BDPs than other beginnings such as wood, paper, etc. Therefore under existent landfill conditions released methane sums is lesser than the controlled research lab obtained values as confirms by published informations and informations from the present survey. Further debasement procedure in a landfill takes topographic point over decennaries of periods and even after 20-30 old ages of period big measures of non-degraded parts have been observe d even for readily degradable stuffs ( Micales and Skog, 1996 ) . Therefore methane outputs per twelvemonth should be more lessen than the quoted values in the survey. Efficient and effectual usage of landfill methane as a good fuel or enrgt beginning would farther relieve the methane release into the ambiance in landfills ( Gregg, 2010 ) .SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe survey estimates maximal extra planetary theoretical methane resulted from decomposition of BDPs which is a fresh methane beginning emerged from landfills. Result suggest that the planetary part of BDPs to methane coevals is relatively less compared with other anthropogenetic beginnings. However in comparing of the methane emanation from BDPs, with other landfill constituents, BDPs are likely to lend a considerable sum of methane, which demonstrated the highest sum of methane emanation other landfill constituents. Experimental information groundss an overestimate of the theoretical estimations. Study has come across with many premises in each word picture scenario, which weakens the appraisal. 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Polymer Degradation and Stability. 94. 1397- 1404.List of TablesTable 1 Manufacturers and sums of BDP manufactured in twelvemonth 2007 Table 2 Literature published on methane production, biodegradability of polymers incorporated to BDPs and calculated methane production degrees Table 3 Maximum theoretical methane sums released during anaerobiotic biodegrdation of major polymer types in standard temperature and force per unit area Table 4 Comparison of theoretical and experimental methane emanation degreesList of FiguresFigure 1 Molecular constructions of polymers involved in the production of common BDPsTable 1 Manufacturers and sums of BDP manufactured in twelvemonth 2007.ManufacturerState of productionTrade NamePolymer typePolymer NameWorldwide production ( kt.p.a. ) in 2007BiodegradabilityA Cellulose Plastics ( with regerated cellulose and cellulose esters )AAAA2046A1 Lenzing GLO Lenzing viscose Lenzing modal Tencel Viscose modal and encel fibres Cellulose ester ( CA ) Cellulose acetate propionate ( CAP ) Cellulose ethanoate butyrate ( CAB 590 Fully biodegradable 2 Birla India, Thailand, Indonesia Birla Cellulose Viscose modal and encel fibres Cellulose acetate Cellulose ethanoate propionate Cellulose ethanoate butyrate 500 Fully biodegradable 3 Formosa Chemicals & A ; Fibre Taiwan Sodium Viscose Staple fibers Cellulose xanthate 140 Fully biodegradable 4 Kelheim Germany Danufil, Galaxy, Viloft Viscose Staple fibers Cellulose ester Cellulose ethanoate propionate Cellulose ethanoate butyrate 72 Fully biodegradable 5 Celanese United states Sodium CA flakes, tows and fibril Cellulose ester ( Cellulose ethanoate ) 250 Sodium 6 Eastman United states Sodium CA tows and fibril, CAB, CAP Cellulose ester Cellulose ethanoate propionate Cellulose ethanoate butyrate 200 Sodium 7 Rhodia Acetow Germany Sodium CA tows Cellulose ester ( Cellulose ethanoate ) 130 Sodium 8 Daicel Japan Sodium CA tows Cellulose ester ( Cellulose ethanoate ) 90 SodiumAOtherAA74ManufacturerState of productionTrade NamePolymer typePolymer NameWorldwide production ( kt.p.a. ) in 2007BiodegradabilityBacillus Polylactic Acid ( PLA ) polymers 151A9 PURAC Taiwan PURACAPolylactic acid ( PLA ) 75 Fully biodegradable 10 Nature Works United states IngeoAPolylactic Acid 70 Fully biodegradableAOther 6AC Starch blends 153A11 Novamont Italy Mater Bi Starch blends Starch/ Polycaprolactone ( PCL ) * 40 Fully biodegradable 12 Rodenburg Newzealand Solanyl Fermented amylumA40 Fully biodegradable 13 Biotec Danmark Bioplast amylum blendsA20 Fully biodegradableAOther 53ACalciferol Polyhydroxy alkanoates 2A14 Tianan Canada Enmat PHBV, PHBV and Ecoflex ( petrochemical polymer ) poly ( 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate ) ( PHBV ) 2 Fully biodegradable Tocopherol Polyurethane from Biobased polyol 12.3A15 Dow United states Renuva Polyurethane 8.8 Fully biodegradableAOther 3.5AManufacturerState of productionTrade NamePolymer typePolymer NameWorldwide production ( kt.p.a. ) in 2007BiodegradabilityAF Other biodegradable polymers 140A16 DuPont Japan Biomax PBST/PET copolymer Poly ( butylene succinate terephthalate ) Poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) ( PET ) 90 Sodium 17 Novamont Japan EatBio Polytetramethylene adipate- co- terephthalate ( PTMAT ) 15 Fully biodegradable 18 BASF Danmark Ecoflex Poly butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate ( PBAT ) 14 Fully biodegradableAOther 21AData Beginning: ( PROBIP, 2009 ) , NA-Data Not Available * Data beginning: Bertoldi et al. , 1996.Table 2 Literature published on methane production, biodegradability of polymers incorporated to BDPs and calculated methane production degrees..PolymerInitial mass ( g )Methane volume ( L )Dayss of incubationMethane production ( % )BiodegradaBility ( % )Methane volume ( m3/ karat ) / L0*Global polymer production ( kt/annum ) M0Volume of methane gas ( G0 ) ( m3/day ) **MentionsPolylactic acid 10 2.57 22 53.8 91 257,000 151 3.9 x 107 Yagi et al. , 2009 Mater Bi ( Starch Blend ) 1.96 0.245 32 99.11 26.9 24,500 40 9.8 x 106 Mohee et al. , 2007 Polycaprolactone 10 6.59 22 65.8 92 659,000 20 1.3 ten 10 7 Yagi et al. , 2009 * Calculated methane volume ( m3/kton ) based on published informations. ** Calculated methane sums harmonizing to the USEPA gas appraisal theoretical account.Table 3 Maximum theoretical methane sums released during anaerobiotic biodegrdation of major polymer types in standard temperature and force per unit area conditions.Major polymer typePolymerProduction capacity ( kt/annum )Theoretical methane production ( m3/kt )Theoretical methane production ( m3/yr )Cellulose based Cellulose ethanoate 668.76 6.2 ten 10 5 4.1 ten 10 8 Cellulose ethanoate butyrate 448.76 4.0 ten 10 5 1.8 ten 10 8 Starch blends ( Mater Bi ) Starch 20 4.1 ten 10 5 8.3 ten 10 7 Polycaprolactone 20 7.36 ten 10 5 1.5 ten 10 7 Poly lactic acid Poly lactic acid 151 3.73 ten 10 5 5.6 ten 10 7 Polyhydroxy alkaonates poly ( 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate ) 20 1.1 ten 10 6 2.2 ten 10 7 Polyurethane based polyol Polyurethane 8.8 5.5 ten 10 5 1.3 ten 10 4 Other Polyethylene terephthalate 45 6.5 ten 10 5 2.9 ten 10 7 Polytetramethylene adipate -co- terephthalate 15 1.47 x10 6 2.2 ten 10 7 Polybutylene adipate -co-butylene terephthalate 14 7.0 ten 10 5 9.8 x10 6 Entire theoretical Methane production due to C, H, O polymers in twelvemonth 2007 if assumed all manufactured polymers being landfilled 1411.32 7.0 ten 10 7 8.31 ten 10 8 Theoretical sum methane coevals per twelvemonth is estimated to be 8.4 x10 8m3 based on twelvemonth 2007 manufactured BDP capacity.Table 4 Comparison of theoretical and experimental methane emanation degrees.PolymerExperimental Methane volume ( m3/ karat )Theoretical methane sum ( m3/ karat )% experimental emanation in relation to theoretical emanationPolylactic acid 257,000 373,333.33 68.84 Polycaprolactone 659,000 1,178,947.37 55.9Figure 1 Molecular constructions of polymers involved in the production of common BDPs